While opportunities for girls to participate in high school sports increased during the 1990s, progress toward gender equity slowed and, perhaps, even reversed direction during the 2000s, according to a new report.
The report, released last week by the Sport, Health and Activity Research and Policy Center for Women and Girls (SHARP) — a collaboration between U-M and the Women’s Sports Foundation — provides insight into the state of high school athletics and the inequalities in the U.S. public school system, despite the passing of the landmark legislation, Title IX, 40 years ago.
“The Decade of Decline: Gender Equity in High School Sports,” co-authored by SHARP director Don Sabo and U-M postdoctoral fellow Philip Veliz, analyzes data from the Department of Education’s Office for Civil Rights Data Collection on girls’ and boys’ high school athletic opportunities between the 1999-2000 and 2009-10 school years.
Key findings from the report include:
• Athletic participation opportunities expanded across the decade, but boys’ allotment grew more than girls. By 2009-10, 53 athletic opportunities were offered for every 100 boys, compared with 41 opportunities for every 100 girls.
• Despite the level of economic resources, the opportunity gap between girls and boys continued to increase. By 2010, girls participated in greater numbers than in the beginning of the decade, but their share of total athletic opportunities decreased across the decade compared to boys. During a decade of expanding athletic participation opportunities across U.S. high schools, boys received more opportunities than girls, and boys’ opportunities grew faster than those of girls.
• By 2009-10, boys still received disproportionately more athletic opportunities than girls in all community settings — urban, suburban, towns and rural communities.
• In 2000, 8.2 percent of schools offered no sports programs, the percentage nearly doubled by 2010, rising to approximately 15 percent.
• Seven percent of public schools lost sports programs between 2000 and 2010, while less than 1 percent added sports to their curriculum.
“In the wake of the 2012 London Olympic and Paralympic Games, the state of women’s sports in the U.S. has generated great praise, and many believe that girls and women have finally achieved athletic equality,” says Women’s Sports Foundation CEO Kathryn Olson. “However, these findings suggest that we simply aren’t there yet. In fact, we are moving farther and farther away from equality with the cutting of interscholastic sports.”
Olson said that sports are an integral part of the educational experience and that students who participate in sports are shown to achieve greater academic success.
“One of the priorities of the SHARP Center is to uncover trends in access to participation opportunities in sport and physical activities for women and girls,” says Kathy Babiak, SHARP co-director and associate professor of sport management at the School of Kinesiology. “SHARP’s Decade of Decline report demonstrates through a rigorous analysis of longitudinal data that inequities still exist in opportunities and access to sport for girls in high school.
“The matter of equity for girls in sport is of significant importance, and the SHARP Center will continue to work on this area in the future. We intend use our findings to support policy and advocacy to enhance access to sport and physical activity for women and girls.”
Through this benchmark study, SHARP hopes to inform and educate policymakers on the importance of ensuring that athletic opportunities are readily available to youth at the high school level, she says.
